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Related Concept Videos

Nociception01:44

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Psychophysically-anchored, Robust Thresholding in Studying Pain-related Lateralization of Oscillatory Prestimulus Activity
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Prefrontal Gamma Oscillations Encode Tonic Pain in Humans.

Enrico Schulz1, Elisabeth S May1, Martina Postorino1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany TUM - Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|March 11, 2015
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Summary

Ongoing pain is a pathological condition. Gamma oscillations in the medial prefrontal cortex selectively encode subjective tonic pain perception, offering potential diagnostic markers for chronic pain.

Keywords:
electroencephalographygamma oscillationsongoing painpain perceptionprefrontal cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Momentary pain is protective, but chronic pain is a debilitating pathological state.
  • Current treatments for chronic pain are often unsatisfactory.
  • Brain mechanisms underlying ongoing pain remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural correlates of ongoing tonic pain.
  • To determine how the brain encodes subjective pain intensity.
  • To differentiate brain activity related to ongoing versus brief pain stimuli.

Main Methods:

  • Healthy human subjects received tonic painful heat stimuli of varying intensities.
  • Continuous pain ratings were collected from participants.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to record brain activity.

Main Results:

  • Subjective perception of tonic pain is selectively encoded by gamma oscillations in the medial prefrontal cortex.
  • Encoding of subjective pain intensity differs from objective stimulus intensity.
  • Brain activity encoding differs between tonic and brief pain stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • Gamma oscillations in the medial prefrontal cortex play a role in ongoing, tonic pain.
  • This finding extends current understanding of pain mechanisms to chronic pain states.
  • The approach may help identify brain markers for diagnosing and treating chronic pain.