Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

9.5K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
9.5K
Vision01:24

Vision

61.7K
Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
61.7K
Visual System01:26

Visual System

2.4K
Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
2.4K
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

10.8K
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
10.8K
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

12.1K
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
12.1K
The Retina01:32

The Retina

78.8K
The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
78.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Corrigendum to "Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases are expressed by cycling retinal progenitor cells and involved in neuronal development of mouse retina" [Neuroscience 152(3) (2008) 618-645].

Neuroscience·2024
Same author

Brain Charts for the Rhesus Macaque Lifespan.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

The influence of the SARS-CoV-2 lockdown on patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases on their adherence to immunomodulatory medication: a cross sectional study over 3 months in Germany.

Rheumatology (Oxford, England)·2021
Same author

[A cross sectional study on patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases in terms of their compliance to their immunsuppressive medication during COVID-19 pandemic].

Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie·2020
Same author

[The rich diversity of Whipple's disease].

Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie·2018
Same author

Nonparametric test for connectivity detection in multivariate autoregressive networks and application to multiunit activity data.

Network neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2018
Same journal

Improved Motor Neuron Preservation and Axonal Recovery Following Experimental Sciatic Nerve Repair With Heterologous Fibrin Biopolymer.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Topography of Regional Cerebral GABA<sub>A</sub> Receptor Availability in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Freezing of Gait.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Enhanced Time-Locked Decoding for Spoken Words but Not Environmental Sounds in Natural-Like Auditory Conditions.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Learning Dynamics in Biophysical Spiking Network Models Are Shaped by KCC2/NKCC1 Cotransporter Stoichiometry.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Dopamine Receptor Agonism in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell During Aversive Learning or Memory Retrieval: Differential Effects Depending on the Degree of Sugar Familiarity.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Training in the Categorization of Aerial and Terrestrial Scenes Differentially Impacts Scene-Selective and Nonscene-Selective Regions in Occipitotemporal Cortex.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings
07:08

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Published on: August 1, 2018

8.8K

Attention and normalization circuits in macaque V1.

M Sanayei1, J L Herrero, C Distler

  • 1Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.

The European Journal of Neuroscience
|March 12, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Attention influences neuronal processing in the visual cortex. However, this study found that attentional effects in primary visual cortex (V1) often bypass normalization mechanisms, contrary to previous assumptions.

Keywords:
attentionnormalizationorientation tuningstriate cortexsurround suppression

More Related Videos

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients
07:43

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Published on: June 17, 2019

8.5K
Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control
09:37

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Published on: July 5, 2015

9.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings
07:08

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Published on: August 1, 2018

8.8K
Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients
07:43

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Published on: June 17, 2019

8.5K
Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control
09:37

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Published on: July 5, 2015

9.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Attention enhances neuronal processing and behavioral performance.
  • Normalization models, prevalent in extrastriate visual cortex, propose attention modulates surround suppression.
  • The precise mechanisms of attentional modulation in primary visual cortex (V1) remain debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how spatial attention and surround/mask stimuli affect neuronal firing rates and orientation tuning in macaque V1.
  • To compare the effects of attention with normalization mechanisms.
  • To determine if attention utilizes common pathways with normalization.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded neuronal responses (firing rates, orientation tuning) in macaque V1.
  • Applied surround/mask stimuli to probe normalization effects.
  • Compared attentional modulation with normalization effects.
  • Fitted multiplicative and additive models of attention to neuronal data.

Main Results:

  • Some correlations observed between attentional and surround modulation strength, suggesting potential shared mechanisms.
  • Model selection (Akaike's and Bayesian information criteria) favored models where attention did not contribute to normalization.
  • In most V1 cells, attentional effects were best explained by models independent of normalization mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Attentional influences on neuronal responses in V1 frequently bypass normalization mechanisms.
  • Findings challenge the universal applicability of normalization models for explaining attention in all visual cortical areas.
  • Suggests distinct neural pathways for attentional modulation and normalization in V1.