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Discrimination and sleep: a systematic review.

Natalie Slopen1, Tené T Lewis2, David R Williams3

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland College Park, School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA.

Sleep Medicine
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Summary

Discrimination is consistently linked to poorer sleep outcomes, potentially impacting population health. Further research using objective sleep measures is recommended to develop effective interventions.

Keywords:
DiscriminationRacismSexismSleepSystematic reviewUnfair treatment

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Social Determinants of Health

Background:

  • Growing evidence links discrimination to adverse health outcomes.
  • Poor sleep is a potential mechanism mediating the health effects of discrimination.
  • Understanding this relationship is crucial for addressing health disparities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on the association between discrimination and sleep.
  • To identify the role of discrimination in sleep patterns and disparities.
  • To highlight research needs for developing interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of English-language articles from PubMed and EBSCO databases (up to July 2014).
  • Broad definition of discrimination (any unfair treatment).
  • Inclusion of diverse sleep outcomes (duration, difficulties, architecture), both self-reported and objective.

Main Results:

  • Seventeen studies were included (4 prospective, 12 cross-sectional, 1 daily-diary).
  • Most studies focused on interpersonal discrimination and self-reported sleep outcomes.
  • All studies found an association between discrimination and poorer sleep, though some inconsistencies existed.

Conclusions:

  • Consistent evidence supports an association between discrimination and poorer sleep.
  • Prospective studies with objective sleep assessments are needed to strengthen the evidence base.
  • Further research can inform interventions to improve sleep and reduce health inequities.