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Related Concept Videos

Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Translation01:31

Translation

157.2K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.2K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.2K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.8K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

9.2K
While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Generation of Comprehensive Thoracic Oncology Database - Tool for Translational Research
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Lack Of Diversity In Genomic Databases Is A Barrier To Translating Precision Medicine Research Into Practice.

Latrice G Landry1, Nadya Ali2, David R Williams3

  • 1Latrice G. Landry ( Latrice_Landry@hms.harvard.edu ) is a fellow in the Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners Personalized Medicine, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and in the Office of Minority Health, Food and Drug Administration, in Silver Spring, Maryland.

Health Affairs (Project Hope)
|May 8, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genomic studies lack diversity, with underrepresentation of African, Latin American, and Asian populations compared to European groups. This disparity challenges the equitable promise of precision medicine for all patient groups.

Keywords:
DisparitiesDiversityGWASGenomicsPersonalized MedicinePrecision MedicinedbGaP

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Biomedical Research
  • Health Disparities

Background:

  • Precision medicine aims to tailor treatments using molecular biomarkers for improved patient outcomes.
  • Underrepresentation of diverse populations in genomic research poses a significant challenge to equitable biomarker application.
  • Existing genomic databases show disparities in the inclusion of various ancestral groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess population diversity in genomic studies.
  • To identify representation gaps in public genomic databases.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of studies cataloged in the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) Catalog.
  • Examination of data within the database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP).
  • Comparison of study inclusion rates across different ancestral populations (European, African, Latin American, Asian).

Main Results:

  • Genomic studies significantly underrepresent African, Latin American, and Asian populations compared to European populations.
  • This underrepresentation is consistent across different data types and disease areas within the analyzed databases.
  • While there is a modest increase in studies including non-European populations, the overall numbers remain low.

Conclusions:

  • Current genomic research databases exhibit substantial ancestral population disparities.
  • Decisive action is required to enhance diversity in genomic studies.
  • Achieving the full potential of precision medicine necessitates equitable representation of all populations.