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Updated: Apr 15, 2026

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Carcinogen-induced Murine Bladder Tumors
Published on: March 29, 2019
Epidemiology of bladder cancer
Núria Malats1, Francisco X Real2
1Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
Abstract:
Bladder cancer incidence is higher in old men, shows geographic variation, and is mostly an environmental disease. Cigarette smoking, occupational exposures, water arsenic, Schistosoma haematobium infestation, and some medications are the best established risk factors. Low-penetrance genetic factors also contribute to its origin, some through interaction with environmental factors. Bladder cancer has high prevalence and a low mortality, being largely a chronic disease. Data on environmental and genetic factors involved in the disease outcome are inconclusive.
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