Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

32.2K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
32.2K
Electrolysis03:00

Electrolysis

32.0K
In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
32.0K
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

11.9K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
11.9K
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

50.0K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than...
50.0K
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

25.8K
The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
25.8K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

21.5K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
21.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Chemistry of CO<sub>2</sub> Conversion: A Review.

Chemical reviews·2026
Same author

Comparative Technoeconomic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Emerging Reactive Carbon Capture-to-Methanol Pathways.

Industrial & engineering chemistry research·2025
Same author

Common Diseases in Clinical Cohorts - Not Always What They Seem.

The New England journal of medicine·2025
Same author

Pregnancy reduces COVID-19 vaccine immunity against novel variants.

NPJ vaccines·2025
Same author

Sex Differences in B Cell Dynamics after Seasonal Influenza Vaccination are Dependent on the Age and Hormonal Profile of Vaccinees.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025
Same author

COVID-19 vaccine (NVX-CoV2373 and NVX-CoV2540) doses and virus strain match impact sex- and age-specific immunity and protection in mice.

Vaccine·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Preparation of Polyoxometalate-based Photo-responsive Membranes for the Photo-activation of Manganese Oxide Catalysts
05:47

Preparation of Polyoxometalate-based Photo-responsive Membranes for the Photo-activation of Manganese Oxide Catalysts

Published on: August 7, 2018

8.2K

Structure-Function Relationships for Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation by Molecular [Mn12O12] Clusters.

Yong Yan1, John S Lee1, Daniel A Ruddy1

  • 1Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States.

Inorganic Chemistry
|April 18, 2015
PubMed
Summary

New manganese clusters show promise as water oxidation electrocatalysts. Their activity depends on electron oxidation and structural distortion, with potential applications in clean energy technologies.

More Related Videos

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
10:52

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

13.5K
Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition
10:45

Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition

Published on: February 5, 2022

4.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Preparation of Polyoxometalate-based Photo-responsive Membranes for the Photo-activation of Manganese Oxide Catalysts
05:47

Preparation of Polyoxometalate-based Photo-responsive Membranes for the Photo-activation of Manganese Oxide Catalysts

Published on: August 7, 2018

8.2K
Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics
10:52

Multiscale Sampling of a Heterogeneous Water/Metal Catalyst Interface using Density Functional Theory and Force-Field Molecular Dynamics

Published on: April 12, 2019

13.5K
Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition
10:45

Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition

Published on: February 5, 2022

4.7K

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Molecular clusters based on manganese oxides are being explored for catalytic applications.
  • Water oxidation is a key process in artificial photosynthesis and hydrogen production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To electrocatalytically investigate a series of Mn12O12 molecular clusters as water oxidation catalysts.
  • To establish structure-function relationships governing their catalytic activity.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical investigation of Mn12O12 molecular clusters on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes.
  • Varying ligand substitutions (acetate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, diphenylphosphonate, dichloroacetate) to tune properties.
  • Analysis of overpotentials, Faradaic efficiency, and turnover numbers.

Main Results:

  • Four [Mn12O12] compounds exhibited water oxidation activity at pH 7.0 with overpotentials ranging from 640-820 mV.
  • High Faradaic efficiency (85-93%) was observed for active catalysts.
  • The most active complex achieved over 200 turnovers in 5 minutes.

Conclusions:

  • Catalytic activity requires at least one-electron oxidation of the Mn12 clusters.
  • Increased distortion at Mn1 and Mn3 centers correlates with enhanced catalytic performance.
  • Mn1 and/or Mn3 centers are proposed as the active sites for water oxidation.