Urinary extracellular vesicles for biomarker source to monitor polycystic kidney disease

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayered lipid vesicles, 50-1000 nm in diameter and secreted by most types of cells. They contain many proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, and lipids that reflect the pathophysiological state of the cells they originate from, and are therefore considered to be a rich source of potential biomarkers. In this issue (Pocsfalvi, G. et al., Proteomics Clin. Appl. 2015, 9, 552-567), Pocsfalvi et al. conducted pioneering investigations to determine whether changes in the protein content of EVs occur during progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), a common genetic disorder that predominantly affects the kidneys. Most significantly, iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics showed that cytoskeleton-regulating and Ca(2+) -binding proteins are differentially expressed in urinary EVs of ADPKD patients. Impressively, these proteins are involved in biological processes that are closely related to the pathogenic state of tubular epithelial cells in ADPKD, demonstrating the possibility to monitor the status of patients using urinary EVs.