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Absorption of Radiation01:05

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The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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MSL-RAD radiation environment measurements.

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Area of Science:

  • Space Science
  • Astrobiology
  • Radiation Physics

Background:

  • Understanding the space radiation environment is crucial for human space exploration.
  • Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) and Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) pose significant health risks.
  • Previous radiation measurements have been limited, especially from planetary surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present radiation measurements from the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on Mars.
  • To estimate radiation exposure for a human crew traveling to and from Mars.
  • To provide the first detailed radiation data from the Martian surface for future mission planning.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) spacecraft.
  • Collected data during the interplanetary cruise phase and on the Martian surface.
  • Measured energetic particles (GCRs, SEPs) and secondary particles, calculating dose and dose equivalent.

Main Results:

  • Radiation dose and dose equivalent were dominated by continuous GCRs.
  • Several Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events were detected during the mission.
  • Surface measurements provide crucial data on radiation shielding by the Martian atmosphere and regolith.

Conclusions:

  • RAD data offers valuable insights into the space radiation environment relevant to human health.
  • Martian surface radiation levels are influenced by GCRs and atmospheric shielding.
  • These findings are essential for designing radiation protection strategies for future crewed missions to Mars.