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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&#239;ve and Memory T Cells
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Regulatory T cell identity: formation and maintenance.

Xudong Li1, Ye Zheng1

  • 1Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Trends in Immunology
|May 19, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, crucial for immune balance, rely on the Foxp3 transcription factor for their identity and function. Maintaining Treg stability is key to preventing autoimmune diseases and understanding immune homeostasis.

Keywords:
CpG methylationDNA loopingFoxp3TCRregulatory T cell

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells are vital for maintaining immune homeostasis.
  • The transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) is essential for Treg cell development and function.
  • Loss of Foxp3 expression in Treg cells is linked to autoimmune pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent insights into mechanisms maintaining Treg cell stability and function.
  • To integrate Treg lineage maintenance with their response to inflammatory environments.
  • To outline future research directions in Treg cell biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on Treg cell stability and function.
  • Integration of developmental mechanisms with Treg cell responses.
  • Analysis of Treg cell identity and inflammatory sensing.

Main Results:

  • Foxp3 is critical for Treg cell specification, stability, and suppressive function.
  • Mechanisms maintaining Treg stability are crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases.
  • Treg cells possess sophisticated mechanisms to sense and respond to inflammatory signals.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding Treg cell stability and function is paramount for immune homeostasis.
  • Continued research into Treg cell mechanisms is needed to combat autoimmune pathologies.
  • Future studies should focus on Treg cell responses in diverse inflammatory contexts.