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Related Concept Videos

Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

3.3K
Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

3.6K
All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
3.6K
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

3.5K
Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
3.5K
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

1.4K
The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
1.4K
Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

8.0K
A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...
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Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures
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Paramagnetic spin seebeck effect.

Stephen M Wu1, John E Pearson1, Anand Bhattacharya1

  • 1Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|May 23, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers observed the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect in paramagnetic insulators using a microscale heater. This technique successfully detected the effect in gadolinium gallium garnet and DyScO3 at low temperatures.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Spintronics

Background:

  • The spin Seebeck effect (SSE) is a fundamental phenomenon in spintronics, enabling spin current generation from a thermal gradient.
  • Observing SSE in paramagnetic insulators is challenging due to weak magnetic signals and potential interference from other thermoelectric effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate and resolve the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE) in paramagnetic insulating materials.
  • To develop a technique for generating localized thermal gradients for precise SSE measurements.
  • To differentiate LSSE from other thermoelectric effects like the Nernst effect.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a microscale on-chip local heater to create a confined thermal gradient.
  • Performed measurements at low temperatures (<20 K).
  • Employed W or Pt as spin detector layers on insulating paramagnetic samples: Gd3Ga5O12 and DyScO3 (DSO).
  • Leveraged the strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy of DSO to isolate the SSE signal.

Main Results:

  • Successfully observed the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect in the paramagnetic insulators Gd3Ga5O12 and DyScO3.
  • The microscale heater enabled significant thermal gradients without excessive bulk sample heating.
  • Eliminated Nernst effect contributions in the spin detectors by exploiting DSO's magnetic properties.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the existence of the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect in paramagnetic insulators.
  • The developed microscale heating technique is effective for studying thermoelectric spin phenomena in sensitive materials.
  • This work provides a pathway for exploring spin-related thermoelectric effects in a broader range of insulating magnetic materials.