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Related Concept Videos

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Long noncoding RNAs: Lessons from genomic imprinting.

Chandrasekhar Kanduri1

  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|May 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genomic imprinting utilizes long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) to regulate gene expression. These lncRNAs control crucial biological functions, including embryonic growth and neural development, by fine-tuning protein-coding gene dosage.

Keywords:
ChromatinEpigeneticsGenomic imprintingLong noncoding RNANoncoding RNAlncRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Genomic imprinting is a key epigenetic mechanism regulating gene expression based on parental origin.
  • Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are increasingly recognized as critical regulators in imprinted regions.
  • Understanding lncRNA function in imprinting provides insights into gene regulation and biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overview the functional roles of various lncRNAs (intergenic, antisense, enhancer) in genomic imprinting.
  • To elucidate the diverse mechanisms employed by lncRNAs to regulate parent-of-origin-specific gene expression.
  • To highlight the importance of imprinted lncRNAs in fundamental biological functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent evidence on lncRNA function in genomic imprinting.
  • Categorization of lncRNAs based on their genomic location and proposed mechanisms of action.
  • Analysis of lncRNA roles in regulating target gene expression in cis and/or trans.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs regulate imprinting through diverse mechanisms including chromatin organization, replication timing, subnuclear positioning, transcriptional occlusion, and collision.
  • Specific examples of lncRNAs (H19, IPW, MEG3, Kcnq1ot1, Airn, Nespas, Ube3a-ATS, IG-DMR eRNAs) and their roles are discussed.
  • Imprinted lncRNAs are essential for placental and embryonic growth, pluripotency, cell differentiation, and neural functions.

Conclusions:

  • Imprinted lncRNAs fine-tune protein-coding gene expression to maintain cellular dosage.
  • Mechanisms elucidated in imprinted clusters offer a model for understanding lncRNA function in other biological contexts.
  • lncRNAs are pivotal in establishing and maintaining genomic imprinting, impacting development and cellular homeostasis.