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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Beyond the Transcript: Translating Non-Coding RNAs and Their Impact on Cellular Regulation.

Ananya Deshpande1, Sagar Mahale1, Chandrasekhar Kanduri1

  • 1Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) can be translated into functional peptides and microproteins, expanding their known roles. This study identifies 86 such RNAs, classifying their products as ncRNA-encoded peptides (ncRNA-PEPs) or microproteins (ncRNA-MPs) and exploring their regulatory functions.

Keywords:
cancercell cyclelncRNA PEPslncRNAsncRNA-PEPsoncogenespeptide ncRNAspeptide-encoding long non-coding RNAstumor suppressor genes

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) comprise most of the human transcriptome, performing diverse biological functions.
  • Emerging evidence shows some ncRNAs can be translated into peptides and microproteins, suggesting novel regulatory roles.
  • The functional classification and implications of these translated ncRNAs remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and classify translated ncRNAs and their protein products.
  • To investigate the molecular pathways and cellular processes regulated by these ncRNA-derived peptides and microproteins.
  • To explore the potential therapeutic applications of ncRNA-encoded peptides and microproteins (ncRNA-PEPs and ncRNA-MPs).

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search to identify translating ncRNAs.
  • Classification of ncRNA products based on amino acid length: ncRNA-encoded peptides (ncRNA-PEPs, <60 aa) and ncRNA-encoded microproteins (ncRNA-MPs, 61-200 aa).
  • Review of molecular pathways, cellular functions, detection methods, and evolutionary aspects.

Main Results:

  • Identified 86 translating ncRNAs.
  • Established a novel classification system for ncRNA-derived peptides and microproteins.
  • Detailed the involvement of ncRNA-PEPs and ncRNA-MPs in cell cycle regulation, signaling, and metabolic homeostasis.
  • Highlighted their roles in oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Translated ncRNAs produce functional peptides and microproteins (ncRNA-PEPs and ncRNA-MPs) that are integral cellular regulators.
  • These molecules significantly influence cell cycle progression, metabolic balance, and disease-associated pathways.
  • Further research into ncRNA-PEPs and ncRNA-MPs offers promising therapeutic avenues.