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Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Microinjection of mRNA and Morpholino Antisense Oligonucleotides in Zebrafish Embryos.

Microinjection of mRNA and Morpholino Antisense Oligonucleotides in Zebrafish Embryos.

Published on: May 7, 2009

Ruthenium-Caged Antisense Morpholinos for Regulating Gene Expression in Zebrafish Embryos.

J C Griepenburg¹, T L Rapp¹, P J Carroll¹

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.

Chemical Science

|May 30, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel ruthenium-based photolinker (RuBEP) to control gene function in zebrafish. This visible light-responsive molecule enables precise spatiotemporal gene knockdown via caged morpholinos, offering new tools for biological science.

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Last Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Microinjection of mRNA and Morpholino Antisense Oligonucleotides in Zebrafish Embryos.

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Microinjection of Zebrafish Embryos to Analyze Gene Function

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Micromanipulation of Gene Expression in the Adult Zebrafish Brain Using Cerebroventricular Microinjection of Morpholino Oligonucleotides

Micromanipulation of Gene Expression in the Adult Zebrafish Brain Using Cerebroventricular Microinjection of Morpholino Oligonucleotides

Published on: May 23, 2013

Area of Science:

Photochemistry
Bioconjugation Chemistry
Molecular Biology

Background:

Photochemical methods offer precise control over molecular processes.
Ruthenium complexes are known for their photochemical properties.
Gene regulation is crucial for understanding biological development.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce the first visible light-responsive ruthenium-based photolinker (RuBEP).
To demonstrate the use of RuBEP for spatiotemporal control of gene function in vivo.
To synthesize and test RuBEP-caged morpholinos for gene knockdown in zebrafish.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of Ru(bipyridine)2(3-ethynylpyridine)2 (RuBEP).
Cu(I)-catalyzed [3+2] Huisgen cycloaddition for conjugating RuBEP to DNA/morpholino oligonucleotides.
Microinjection of RuBEP-caged morpholinos into zebrafish embryos.
Visible light (450 nm) irradiation to induce morpholino uncaging and gene knockdown.

Main Results:

Successfully synthesized RuBEP and conjugated it to morpholinos.
RuBEP-caged morpholinos showed no developmental defects in zebrafish embryos in the dark.
Irradiation at 450 nm uncaged the morpholinos, leading to effective gene knockdown of 'chordin' and 'notail' genes.
Photolinker dissociation quantum yield (ϕ) was determined to be 0.33.

Conclusions:

Ruthenium-based photolinkers provide a versatile platform for controlling biopolymer structure and function.
Visible light-triggered uncaging allows for precise spatiotemporal gene regulation in biological systems.
This approach offers new possibilities for research in developmental biology and materials science.