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Related Concept Videos

Residual Stresses in Bending01:18

Residual Stresses in Bending

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In the study of elastoplastic members subjected to bending moments, understanding the loading and unloading phases is crucial for assessing material behavior and structural integrity. During the loading phase, as the bending moment increases, the material initially responds elastically, adhering to Hooke's Law, where stress is directly proportional to strain. When the load exceeds the yield strength, plastic deformation occurs, resulting in permanent strain and deformation that remains even...
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A material's elastic behavior is characterized by the disappearance of stress once the load is removed, allowing the material to return to its original state. However, when stress surpasses the yield point, yielding commences, marking the onset of plastic deformation or permanent set. This change from elastic to plastic behavior is influenced by the peak stress value and the duration before the load is removed. An intriguing observation occurs when a specimen is loaded, unloaded, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 11, 2026

Biomechanical Characterization of Human Soft Tissues Using Indentation and Tensile Testing
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Skin response to sustained loading: A clinical explorative study.

J Kottner1, G Dobos1, A Andruck1

  • 1Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.

Journal of Tissue Viability
|June 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prolonged pressure alters skin barrier function in older adults, increasing temperature and redness at sacral and heel areas. Heels show subclinical damage, suggesting distinct pressure ulcer development pathways.

Keywords:
Pressure ulcerSkin barrierStratum corneum hydrationTEWL

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Gerontology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Pressure ulcers are skin injuries from prolonged pressure and shear, common in immobilized individuals.
  • The role of the stratum corneum and upper skin layers in superficial pressure ulcer development is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of prolonged loading on skin barrier function.
  • To examine these effects at two pressure ulcer predilection sites: sacral and heel skin.

Main Methods:

  • 20 healthy older females underwent standardized immobilization (90 and 150 minutes).
  • Skin surface temperature, stratum corneum hydration, transepidermal water loss, and erythema were measured before and after loading.
  • Measurements were taken at the sacral and heel skin.

Main Results:

  • Prolonged loading increased skin surface temperature and erythema at both sacral and heel sites.
  • Stratum corneum hydration remained stable throughout the study.
  • Transepidermal water loss significantly increased at the heel but not at the sacral skin post-loading.

Conclusions:

  • Skin functions are altered by prolonged loading in aged individuals at pressure ulcer-prone sites.
  • Heat accumulation and hyperemia appear to drive increased skin temperature and erythema, contributing to pressure ulcer development.
  • Increased transepidermal water loss at the heel suggests subclinical stratum corneum damage, indicating different pressure ulcer development mechanisms for sacral versus heel areas.