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Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
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Frequency-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:24

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Proportional-Derivative (PD) controllers are widely used in fan control systems to improve stability and performance. A fan control system can be effectively represented using a Bode plot to illustrate the impact of a PD controller through its transfer function. The Bode plot visually conveys how PD control modifies the fan's response across various frequencies, providing a frequency domain interpretation of the controller's behavior.
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Drug control governance involves the oversight and regulation of pharmaceuticals to ensure their safety and efficacy while preventing illegal drug use and trafficking. Regulatory bodies, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union's European Medicines Agency (EMA), play a central role in this process. These agencies evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs before they can be marketed. They fund clinical trials and assess the benefits and risks associated with...
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Regulation of Bacterial Virulence01:28

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Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
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Updated: Apr 11, 2026

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Perspective on BVDV control programs.

M Daniel Givens1, Benjamin W Newcomer1

  • 1217 Veterinary Education Center,College of Veterinary Medicine,Auburn University,Alabama 36849,USA.

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|June 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Effective bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) control requires coordinated programs, considering financial returns and social factors. Early detection of persistently infected (PI) fetuses could accelerate BVDV eradication efforts in cattle.

Keywords:
Bovine viral diarrhea virusdisease controlepidemiologypestivirus

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Animal Health Economics

Background:

  • Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) control programs are evaluated based on financial returns, animal welfare, and reduced antibiotic use.
  • Industry segmentation (cow-calf, stocker, feedlot) complicates decision-making for BVDV control.
  • Past BVDV control programs show success with systematic coordination, while voluntary efforts often falter.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the economic and social factors influencing the implementation of BVDV control programs.
  • To assess the effectiveness of different BVDV control strategies, including testing and removal of persistently infected (PI) cattle.
  • To identify potential advancements in diagnostic tools to improve BVDV eradication efforts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing BVDV control program outcomes and economic considerations.
  • Analysis of industry structure and decision-making processes impacting disease control.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic test sufficiency and identification of research needs for improved fetal diagnostics.

Main Results:

  • Financial return on investment is a key driver for BVDV control in some regions, while animal welfare and reduced antibiotic use motivate others.
  • Systematic, well-coordinated BVDV control programs demonstrate higher success rates than voluntary initiatives.
  • Testing and removal of PI cattle have proven effective for BVDV eradication in multiple countries.

Conclusions:

  • Successful BVDV eradication hinges on coordinated, systematic approaches, acknowledging both economic and social dynamics.
  • The development of a diagnostic test to detect PI fetuses during gestation would significantly advance BVDV control programs.
  • Addressing industry segmentation and fostering collegial interaction are crucial for optimizing long-term BVDV control success.