Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium01:11

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

10.4K
Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is...
10.4K
Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature02:19

Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature

37.4K
Consistent with the law of mass action, an equilibrium stressed by a change in concentration will shift to re-establish equilibrium without any change in the value of the equilibrium constant, K. When an equilibrium shifts in response to a temperature change, however, it is re-established with a different relative composition that exhibits a different value for the equilibrium constant.
To understand this phenomenon, consider the elementary reaction:
37.4K
Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient01:24

Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient

3.4K
Activity is the measure of the effective concentration of the species in solution. It can be expressed as the product of the molar concentration of the species and its activity coefficient. The activity coefficient is a dimensionless quantity and depends on the total ionic strength of the solution.
The activity coefficient is a measure of the deviation from ideal behavior. When the ionic strength of the solution is minimal, the activity coefficient of an ionic species is close to unity, making...
3.4K
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics01:14

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

7.9K
Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. That statement of transitivity is called the "zeroth law of thermodynamics." For example, a cold metal block and a hot metal block are both placed on a metal plate at room temperature. Eventually, the cold block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium. In addition, the hot block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium.
7.9K
Path Between Thermodynamics States01:21

Path Between Thermodynamics States

5.1K
Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1:
5.1K
Thermodynamic Potentials01:26

Thermodynamic Potentials

1.8K
Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

All Incompatible Sets of Measurements Can Generate Nonlocality Using Quantum Inputs.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Catalytic Activation of Bell Nonlocality.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Entropic Costs of Extracting Classical Ticks from a Quantum Clock.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Device-Independent Quantum Key Activation.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Bell Nonlocality in Quantum Networks with Unreliable Sources: Loophole-Free Postelection via Self-Testing.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Speeding Up Quantum Measurement Using Space-Time Trade-Off.

Physical review letters·2025
Same journal

Tension on dsDNA bound to ssDNA-RecA filaments may play an important role in driving efficient and accurate homology recognition and strand exchange.

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Publisher's Note: Amplitude-phase coupling drives chimera states in globally coupled laser networks [Phys. Rev. E 91, 040901(R) (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Erratum: Shapes of sedimenting soft elastic capsules in a viscous fluid [Phys. Rev. E 92, 033003 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Erratum: Attenuation of excitation decay rate due to collective effect [Phys. Rev. E 90, 022142 (2014)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Publisher's Note: Role of connectivity and fluctuations in the nucleation of calcium waves in cardiac cells [Phys. Rev. E 92, 052715 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Publisher's Note: Lattice Boltzmann approach for complex nonequilibrium flows [Phys. Rev. E 92, 043308 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Author Spotlight: Simulation and Analysis of the Temperature Rise of Ring Main Unit Equipment
04:35

Author Spotlight: Simulation and Analysis of the Temperature Rise of Ring Main Unit Equipment

Published on: July 5, 2024

2.5K

Passivity, complete passivity, and virtual temperatures.

Paul Skrzypczyk1, Ralph Silva2, Nicolas Brunner3

  • 1ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|June 13, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Completely passive quantum states, from which no work can be extracted, are identified as Gibbs states at positive temperatures. This finding simplifies understanding of passive states in thermodynamics using virtual temperatures.

More Related Videos

Thermocapillary Convection Space Experiment on the SJ-10 Recoverable Satellite
07:00

Thermocapillary Convection Space Experiment on the SJ-10 Recoverable Satellite

Published on: March 11, 2020

7.9K
Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer
10:11

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

Published on: April 19, 2021

4.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 10, 2026

Author Spotlight: Simulation and Analysis of the Temperature Rise of Ring Main Unit Equipment
04:35

Author Spotlight: Simulation and Analysis of the Temperature Rise of Ring Main Unit Equipment

Published on: July 5, 2024

2.5K
Thermocapillary Convection Space Experiment on the SJ-10 Recoverable Satellite
07:00

Thermocapillary Convection Space Experiment on the SJ-10 Recoverable Satellite

Published on: March 11, 2020

7.9K
Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer
10:11

Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer

Published on: April 19, 2021

4.3K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum thermodynamics
  • Statistical mechanics
  • Energy systems

Background:

  • Understanding passive states is crucial for energy extraction limits in quantum systems.
  • Previous work has explored conditions for passive states but lacked a simple proof for completely passive states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a simple and intuitive proof identifying completely passive states.
  • To characterize the conditions under which work cannot be extracted from quantum states, even with infinite resources.

Main Methods:

  • The study employs the concept of virtual temperatures, associating temperatures with energy level transitions.
  • A novel proof is developed based on the properties of these virtual temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Completely passive states are rigorously shown to be Gibbs states at positive temperatures.
  • Passive states are characterized as those with positive temperatures for every transition.
  • Completely passive states are further defined as having a uniform positive temperature across all transitions.

Conclusions:

  • The research provides a clear and accessible characterization of completely passive states in quantum thermodynamics.
  • The findings establish Gibbs states at positive temperatures as the sole completely passive states.
  • The concept of virtual temperatures offers a powerful tool for analyzing thermodynamic properties of quantum states.