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Cladding waveguide gratings in standard single-mode fiber for 3D shape sensing.

Christian Waltermann, Alexander Doering, Michael Köhring

    Optics Letters
    |July 1, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Direct laser inscription creates fiber optic sensors for 3D shape sensing. Femtosecond laser pulses enable precise waveguide and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBGs) fabrication for bending direction measurement.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optoelectronics
    • Fiber optics
    • Laser material processing

    Background:

    • Standard single-mode fibers are widely used in telecommunications.
    • Developing novel fiber optic sensors requires precise fabrication techniques.
    • Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) are sensitive to strain and temperature, enabling sensing applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate direct point-by-point inscription of waveguides into optical fiber cladding using femtosecond laser pulses.
    • To integrate Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) within these inscribed waveguides.
    • To develop a 3D shape sensing device based on inscribed cladding waveguides and FBGs.

    Main Methods:

    • Direct inscription of S-shaped waveguides in fiber cladding using femtosecond laser pulses.
    • Point-by-point processing with overlapping lines to create homogeneous structures.
    • Inscription and characterization of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) within the waveguides.
    • Fabrication of a sensor device using two perpendicular cladding waveguides with FBGs for bending direction measurement.

    Main Results:

    • Homogeneous S-shaped waveguides were successfully inscribed without damaging surrounding material.
    • FBGs were reliably inscribed and characterized within the laser-processed waveguides.
    • A sensor device capable of measuring fiber bending direction was demonstrated.
    • A complete 3D shape sensor with multiple bending planes was realized, detecting bends below 2.5 cm.

    Conclusions:

    • Femtosecond laser inscription is a viable method for creating complex waveguide structures in optical fibers.
    • This technique allows for the integration of sensing elements like FBGs directly into the fiber cladding.
    • The developed sensor system demonstrates potential for high-resolution 3D shape sensing applications.