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Related Concept Videos

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary--Adrenal Axis-Feedback Control.

Maureen Keller-Wood1

  • 1Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Florida, USA.

Comprehensive Physiology
|July 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates stress responses via corticosteroids. Negative feedback mechanisms, involving genomic and nongenomic actions at mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors, control hormone secretion.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Stress Physiology

Background:

  • The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates the body's response to stress through the release of corticosteroids.
  • Corticosteroids exert negative feedback on the HPA axis, controlling the secretion of corticotropin (ACTH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and vasopressin (AVP).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the diverse mechanisms of corticosteroid negative feedback within the HPA axis.
  • To differentiate between genomic and nongenomic actions of corticosteroids at mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs).

Main Methods:

  • Investigated rapid nongenomic actions of GRs on CRH neurons.
  • Examined slower nongenomic effects mediated by GRs and MRs in the pituitary and brain.
  • Analyzed genomic actions, including the repression of POMC, CRH, and AVP genes.

Main Results:

  • Rapid nongenomic GR action on hypothalamic CRH neurons was observed.
  • Slower nongenomic effects via GR/MR occurred in the pituitary and brain.
  • Genomic actions involved gene repression, with feedback efficacy dependent on corticosteroid levels and stressor pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Corticosteroid negative feedback involves both rapid and delayed genomic and nongenomic mechanisms acting at MR and GR.
  • The effectiveness of negative feedback is influenced by receptor type, location, corticosteroid concentration, and the neuroanatomical pathways activated by stressors.
  • Certain stressors can override or bypass negative feedback, highlighting the complexity of HPA axis regulation.