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Predicting human exposure and risk from chlorinated indoor swimming pool: a case study
1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia, Schowdhury@kfupm.esdu.sa.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
|July 13, 2015
Summary
Human exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in indoor pools is primarily through inhalation and dermal contact, not ingestion. Cancer risks from trihalomethanes (THMs) in pool air and water significantly exceed those in drinking water.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Health
- Toxicology
- Public Health
Background:
- Chlorinated indoor swimming pools generate disinfection by-products (DBPs).
- Human exposure to DBPs occurs via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption.
- Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are key DBPs of concern.
Purpose of the Study:
- To predict human exposure to DBPs in chlorinated indoor swimming pools.
- To quantify exposure levels through different routes (ingestion, inhalation, dermal).
- To assess the associated cancer risk from chronic exposure to THMs and HAAs.
Main Methods:
- Modeled human exposure based on pool usage data (attendance, duration, frequency).
- Measured concentrations of THMs and HAAs in pool water and air.
- Calculated chronic daily intakes and cancer risks for specific DBPs.
Main Results:
- Inhalation and dermal routes accounted for 99.3% of total cancer risk.
- THMs contributed 99.6% of the total cancer risk from DBPs.
- Cancer risks from THMs in swimming pools were 4.06-6.64 times higher than in drinking water.
Conclusions:
- Inhalation and dermal exposure are the most significant routes for DBP exposure in indoor pools.
- Cancer risks associated with indoor pool DBPs, particularly THMs, warrant public health attention.
- Reducing DBP formation and exposure in indoor swimming pools is crucial for mitigating health risks.
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