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Centrioles and Centrosomes

Centrioles and Centrosomes

Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or...

Centrosome Duplication

Centrosome Duplication

The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...

Centrosome Duplication

Centrosome Duplication

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function.
Animal cells
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Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...

Spindle Assembly

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Initial 3D Cell Cluster Control in a Hybrid Gel Cube Device for Repeatable Pattern Formations

Initial 3D Cell Cluster Control in a Hybrid Gel Cube Device for Repeatable Pattern Formations

Published on: March 21, 2019

Studying centrosome function using three-dimensional cell cultures.

Teresa Arnandis¹, Susana A Godinho¹

¹Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.

Methods in Cell Biology

|July 16, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures reveal new insights into centrosome and cilia functions. This study details a method for culturing mammary epithelial cells in 3D to better understand these crucial organelles.

Keywords:

Acini Centrosome MCF-10A Mammary epithelial gland Three-dimensional cultures

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Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Developmental Biology
Biotechnology

Background:

Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are established models for studying tissue architecture, polarity, and invasion.
Recent research highlights the utility of 3D systems for investigating centrosome and cilia functions.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a novel culture method for studying mammary epithelial cells within a 3D environment.
To underscore the importance of 3D culture systems for uncovering overlooked functions of cellular organelles.

Main Methods:

Development of a specialized 3D culture technique tailored for mammary epithelial cells.
Utilizing the 3D culture system to observe and analyze centrosome and cilia behavior and function.

Main Results:

The 3D culture method facilitates the study of mammary epithelial cells in a physiologically relevant context.
Observations in 3D cultures have revealed novel aspects of centrosome and cilia functions.

Conclusions:

3D cell culture systems are invaluable for advancing our understanding of centrosome and cilia biology.
The described method provides a powerful tool for future research in mammary gland development and disease.