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Updated: Apr 6, 2026

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Frequency comb offset detection using supercontinuum generation in silicon nitride waveguides.

A S Mayer, A Klenner, A R Johnson

    Optics Express
    |July 21, 2015
    PubMed
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    Researchers achieved direct carrier-envelope-offset (CEO) frequency detection using silicon nitride waveguides. This breakthrough enables robust CEO stabilization for modelocked lasers with significantly lower pulse energy requirements.

    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Laser Physics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Carrier-envelope-offset (CEO) frequency stabilization is crucial for precision spectroscopy and optical frequency combs.
    • Traditional methods often require high optical power or complex setups.
    • Supercontinuum generation (SCG) in waveguides offers a compact platform for nonlinear optical processes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate direct CEO frequency detection using SCG in a CMOS-compatible silicon nitride (Si(3)N(4)) waveguide.
    • To evaluate the efficiency and performance of Si(3)N(4) waveguides for f-to-2f interferometry.
    • To compare the performance of Si(3)N(4) waveguides with conventional photonic crystal fibers for CEO detection.

    Main Methods:

    • Generation of a coherent supercontinuum spanning over 1.5 octaves in a Si(3)N(4) waveguide.

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  • Self-referencing of SESAM modelocked diode-pumped Yb:CALGO lasers using standard f-to-2f interferometry.
  • Direct detection of CEO beat signals without amplification for 100-MHz and 1-GHz lasers.
  • Main Results:

    • Successful direct CEO frequency detection was achieved in Si(3)N(4) waveguides.
    • High signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) exceeding 25 dB and 30 dB were obtained with low coupled pulse energies (30 pJ and 36 pJ).
    • Si(3)N(4) waveguides reduced the required peak power for CEO beat detection by over an order of magnitude compared to photonic crystal fibers.

    Conclusions:

    • CMOS-compatible Si(3)N(4) waveguides are highly effective for direct CEO frequency detection.
    • This approach significantly lowers the power requirements for stabilizing modelocked lasers.
    • The findings pave the way for more accessible and compact optical frequency comb systems.