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Sulfur is a vital element in Earth's biogeochemical systems. It transitions through various inorganic states, including sulfate (SO₄²⁻), elemental sulfur (S⁰), and sulfide (S²⁻). Abiotic and biological mechanisms across oxic and anoxic environments intricately mediate these transformations. Sulfate, the most oxidized form of sulfur, is predominantly stored in rocks, marine sediments, and oceanic waters, acting as a long-term reservoir in the global sulfur...
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Sulphate absorption across biological membranes.

Stephen C Mitchell1, Rosemary H Waring2

  • 1a Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , South Kensington , London , UK and.

Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign Compounds in Biological Systems
|July 31, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Sulphate availability can limit xenobiotic sulphonation. This review confirms sulphate absorption occurs via the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and skin using specific transporters.

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Gastrointestinal tractlungsskinsulphatetransporter

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Sulphonation, a Phase II metabolic reaction for xenobiotics, is unique as sulphate availability can be rate-limiting.
  • The body obtains sulphate through sulphur moiety oxygenation from ingested compounds and amino acids, supplemented by preformed inorganic sulphate.
  • Controversy exists regarding inorganic sulphate absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and skin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on inorganic sulphate absorption through various routes.
  • To clarify the mechanisms and extent of sulphate absorption relevant to xenobiotic metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diverse scientific publications.
  • Analysis of studies investigating biological membrane transport of sulphate ions.

Main Results:

  • Sulphate ions are absorbed via specific transporters across biological membranes.
  • The gastrointestinal tract is the primary route for sulphate absorption.
  • Evidence suggests potential, albeit limited, absorption of sulphate through the lungs and skin under specific conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Inorganic sulphate absorption is facilitated by specific transporters.
  • While the GI tract is the main absorption portal, pulmonary and dermal absorption of sulphate are possible.
  • Understanding sulphate absorption is crucial for xenobiotic metabolism and toxicology.