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Morphine and Codeine in Biological Fluids: Approaches to Source Differentiation.

M A ElSohly1,2, A B Jones3,2

  • 1ElSohly Laboratories, Incorporated, Oxford, MS, USA.

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|August 13, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Poppy seeds contain opiates like morphine and codeine, which can cause false positives in drug tests. This review helps differentiate poppy seed consumption from illicit opiate abuse.

Keywords:
6-Monoacetylmorphinecodeineheroinmorphinepoppy seedsurinalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Toxicology
  • Pharmacology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Opiate analgesics such as heroin, morphine, and codeine are frequently abused.
  • Urine analysis for morphine and codeine is a common method to detect prior opiate ingestion.
  • Poppy seeds naturally contain low levels of morphine and codeine, potentially leading to positive drug tests.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current data on the analysis of poppy seed products and associated urine specimens.
  • To provide guidelines for distinguishing poppy seed ingestion from illicit opiate abuse.
  • To discuss the metabolism and elimination of opiates in relation to poppy seed consumption.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on poppy seed content and opiate analysis.
  • Analysis of urine specimens from individuals consuming poppy seed products.
  • Examination of opiate metabolism and elimination pathways.

Main Results:

  • Poppy seeds contain sufficient morphine and codeine to trigger positive opiate urine tests.
  • Variability exists in opiate content within different poppy seed products.
  • Metabolism and elimination profiles can aid in differentiating poppy seed use from abuse.

Conclusions:

  • Positive opiate tests can result from consuming poppy seed products.
  • Understanding opiate metabolism and analytical data is crucial for accurate interpretation of drug test results.
  • Distinguishing poppy seed use from illicit opiate abuse requires careful consideration of analytical findings and clinical context.