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False memories represent a cognitive distortion in which individuals recall events that did not happen, or remember them in an altered form. This phenomenon highlights the brain's constructive nature in processing and recalling memories, emphasizing that memory is not a perfect representation of past events but rather a dynamic reconstruction influenced by various factors.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
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Knowledge does not protect against illusory truth.

Lisa K Fazio1, Nadia M Brashier2, B Keith Payne3

  • 1Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. General
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Even when people know a statement is false, repeating it can make them believe it. This study shows that fluency from repetition can override actual knowledge, leading to the illusory truth effect.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • False claims are common in daily life through advertisements, propaganda, and rumors.
  • The illusory truth effect suggests repeated statements are perceived as more truthful due to easier processing.
  • Prior research assumed knowledge constrains the illusory truth effect.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if the illusory truth effect persists even when individuals possess accurate knowledge.
  • To investigate the role of processing fluency and stored knowledge in belief formation.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Assessed participants' knowledge using normed estimates and a postexperimental knowledge check.
  • Experiment 2: Employed multinomial modeling to analyze reliance on fluency versus knowledge.

Main Results:

  • Illusory truth effects were observed even when participants demonstrably knew the correct information.
  • Participants sometimes prioritized processing fluency over their stored knowledge.
  • Evidence of knowledge neglect was found, where stored knowledge was not utilized.

Conclusions:

  • The illusory truth effect can occur independently of factual knowledge.
  • Processing fluency can override accurate knowledge, leading to acceptance of repeated false claims.
  • Individuals may neglect their knowledge when faced with fluent, repeated information.