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Related Concept Videos

Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

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In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

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Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
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Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[Skin aging and evidence-based topical strategies].

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete·2015
Same author

[Corrective-esthetic dermatology].

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete·2015
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[Phlebology in German departments of dermatology. An analysis on behalf of the German Society of Phlebology].

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete·2013
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[Acne therapy in pregnancy].

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete·2013
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Bony structures in facial skin.

Clinical and experimental dermatology·2008
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Functional eicosanoid test and typing (FET) in acetylsalicylic acid intolerant patients with urticaria.

Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society·2007

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Facial Rejuvenation Therapy with Post-Laser Salicylic Acid Application
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[Undesirable pigmentation].

C Bayerl1

  • 1Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Hauttumorzentrum Wiesbaden, HSK, Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken, Helios Verbundklinik, Ludwig-Erhard-Straße 100, 65199, Wiesbaden, Deutschland. christiane.bayerl@hsk-wiesbaden.de.

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, Und Verwandte Gebiete
|August 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dangerous unregulated skin lightening products like Melanotan I pose risks. Effective hyperpigmentation treatment requires combination therapy inhibiting melanin production and UV protection, especially for darker skin types.

Keywords:
CamouflageCombination therapiesHyperpigmentationLaserMelasma

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Endocrinology
  • Cosmetic Science

Context:

  • Homogenous pigmentation can be induced by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) homologues.
  • Cosmetically unacceptable pigmentation often affects the face.
  • Afamelanotide is a prescription drug, but related alpha-MSH derivatives are accessible online.

Purpose:

  • To review preventive and therapeutic options for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, and lentigines.
  • To summarize current studies on alpha-MSH derivatives and their effects on pigmentation.
  • To highlight the dangers of unregulated pigmentation treatments and recommend safer alternatives.

Summary:

  • Melanotan I can activate dysplastic nevi, posing a risk.
  • The gold standard triple therapy for hyperpigmentation can cause side effects like irritation and ochronosis.
  • Tyrosinase inhibitors, increased cell turnover, and plant derivatives offer more tolerable, though less efficient, alternatives.
  • Unregulated bleaching creams may contain dangerous mercury.
  • Effective hyperpigmentation treatment involves combination therapy targeting melanocyte activity, melanin synthesis, and melanin removal, alongside UV protection.
  • Cryotherapy and laser treatments are not first-line options for Fitzpatrick skin types IV-VI due to risks of post-treatment hyperpigmentation.

Impact:

  • Highlights the risks associated with unregulated skin pigmentation treatments.
  • Provides a comprehensive overview of current hyperpigmentation management strategies.
  • Emphasizes the need for safer, combination therapies for effective and tolerable results.
  • Informs patients and healthcare providers about potential dangers and alternative treatments.
  • Guides treatment decisions, particularly for individuals with darker skin tones.