Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

1.0K
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
1.0K
Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

890
The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
890
Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior01:28

Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior

357
Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
357
Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

1.2K
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
1.2K
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

742
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
742
Subconsciousness and No Awareness01:15

Subconsciousness and No Awareness

830
The concept of subconscious awareness refers to the processing of information below the level of conscious thought, which significantly influences both behaviors and decisions. It is also known as waking subconscious awareness. This complex level of cognition operates without the direct awareness of the individual, facilitating rapid and simultaneous handling of multiple information streams.
An illustrative example of subconscious processing is its role in problem-solving. Often, individuals...
830

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Not All Rules Are Equal: Rare Conditional Rules Shape Behaviour but Yield to Global Probability in Passive Listening.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026
Same author

Individual-difference factors in visually induced motion sickness and vection: Findings from multiple studies on field dependence, age, and biological sex.

Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation·2025
Same author

Experimental Induction of State Rumination in Youth Soccer Players on the Pitch: How Can We Evaluate an Effect of Rumination on Soccer-Specific Performance?

European journal of sport science·2025
Same author

Auditory facilitation in deterministic versus stochastic worlds.

Cognitive neuroscience·2025
Same author

Conditional deviant repetition in the oddball paradigm modulates processing at the level of P3a but not MMN.

Psychophysiology·2024
Same author

Not All Injuries Are the Same: Different Patterns in Sports Injuries and Their Psychosocial Correlates.

Sports (Basel, Switzerland)·2023
Same journal

Predictors of Seizure Recurrence after Acute Symptomatic Seizures in Ischemic Stroke Patients.

Neuroscience journal·2019
Same journal

Stress-Coping Humoral Glycolipids Produced by Mice Given Controlled Bathing Treatments.

Neuroscience journal·2019
Same journal

Impact of Tooth Loss and Other Risk Factors on Cognitive Impairment in Saudi Female Population.

Neuroscience journal·2019
Same journal

Pathomechanisms of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in ALS.

Neuroscience journal·2019
Same journal

Sequential Changes in Brain Glutamate and Adenosine A1 Receptors May Explain Severity of Adolescent Alcohol Withdrawal after Consumption of High Levels of Alcohol.

Neuroscience journal·2019
Same journal

Acetazolamide Treatment Prevents Redistribution of Astrocyte Aquaporin 4 after Murine Traumatic Brain Injury.

Neuroscience journal·2019
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder
08:17

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Published on: April 12, 2018

11.3K

Encoding into Visual Working Memory: Event-Related Brain Potentials Reflect Automatic Processing of Seemingly

Stefan Berti1, Urte Roeber2

  • 1Department for Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Wallstraße 3, 55099 Mainz, Germany.

Neuroscience Journal
|August 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual working memory encoding is influenced by the complexity of visual patterns, specifically their equivalence set size (ESS). This processing occurs automatically during the encoding phase, regardless of task demands.

More Related Videos

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

14.2K
Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology
05:38

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Published on: June 29, 2021

3.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 4, 2026

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder
08:17

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Published on: April 12, 2018

11.3K
A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

14.2K
Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology
05:38

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Published on: June 29, 2021

3.0K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Visual working memory (VWM) is crucial for temporarily storing and manipulating visual information.
  • Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying VWM encoding and maintenance is a key area of cognitive neuroscience research.
  • Event-related potentials (ERPs) provide valuable temporal insights into cognitive processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural correlates of encoding and maintaining information in VWM using event-related brain potentials (ERPs).
  • To examine how stimulus complexity, specifically equivalence set size (ESS), and task demands (identity vs. category comparison) affect VWM performance and neural activity.
  • To determine if the processing of stimulus complexity is automatic or modulated by task instructions.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed identity comparison (IC) and category comparison (CC) tasks involving visual stimuli with varying equivalence set sizes (ESS 4 vs. ESS 8).
  • Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a 1500 ms retention interval to analyze neural activity.
  • Behavioral performance (accuracy and reaction time) was measured alongside ERP components, particularly the P3b amplitude.

Main Results:

  • Memory performance was affected by task instructions (IC vs. CC) and equivalence set size (ESS 4 vs. ESS 8), but not by rated complexity.
  • ERPs during the retention interval showed that stimulus-related factors, including ESS, influenced stimulus encoding, evidenced by a larger P3b amplitude for ESS 8 compared to ESS 4 patterns.
  • These effects of ESS on encoding were independent of the task instructions.

Conclusions:

  • The equivalence set size (ESS) of visual stimuli significantly impacts the encoding phase of visual working memory.
  • Neural processing of ESS during encoding appears to be automatic, occurring irrespective of the specific task demands.
  • These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how the brain represents and processes complex visual information in working memory.