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Related Concept Videos

Punishment01:27

Punishment

1.3K
Negative reinforcement and punishment are often confused but serve distinct functions in behavior modification. Reinforcement, whether positive or negative, increases the likelihood of a desired behavior, while punishment decreases it.
Punishment can be positive or negative. Positive punishment involves adding an undesirable stimulus, such as scolding, to decrease a behavior. Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus, such as taking away a favorite toy, to decrease behavior....
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Blinding01:11

Blinding

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Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
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Drug Control Governance: Regulatory Bodies and Their Impact01:03

Drug Control Governance: Regulatory Bodies and Their Impact

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Drug control governance involves the oversight and regulation of pharmaceuticals to ensure their safety and efficacy while preventing illegal drug use and trafficking. Regulatory bodies, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union's European Medicines Agency (EMA), play a central role in this process. These agencies evaluate the safety and efficacy of drugs before they can be marketed. They fund clinical trials and assess the benefits and risks associated with...
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Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

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Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...
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Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 4, 2026

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats
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Drugs: blanket ban or harm reduction?

Michael Gross

    Current Biology : CB
    |September 4, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Electronic cigarettes present a harm reduction opportunity through replacement therapy. However, the UK government plans a blanket ban on psychoactive substances, expanding drug control measures.

    Area of Science:

    • Public Health
    • Drug Policy
    • Harm Reduction

    Background:

    • Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have achieved commercial success, presenting opportunities for harm reduction research.
    • Harm reduction strategies aim to minimize the negative consequences of certain behaviors, such as substance use.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To examine the potential of e-cigarettes as a harm reduction tool via replacement therapy.
    • To analyze the UK government's policy direction regarding psychoactive substances and drug control.

    Main Methods:

    • The report analyzes the commercial landscape of e-cigarettes.
    • It contrasts this with the UK government's stated policy intentions.

    Main Results:

    • The commercial availability of e-cigarettes offers a platform for studying their role in harm reduction.

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  • The UK government is pursuing a policy of prohibition rather than harm reduction for psychoactive substances.

    • Conclusions:

    • There is a divergence between the potential of e-cigarettes for harm reduction and the UK's 'war on drugs' approach.
    • The government's plan to ban all psychoactive substances may overlook harm reduction opportunities presented by alternatives like e-cigarettes.