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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Developmental Markers Expressed in Neocortical Layers Are Differentially Exhibited in Olfactory Cortex.

Peter C Brunjes1, Stephen K Osterberg1

  • 1Department Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904, United States of America.

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|September 26, 2015
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Summary

Olfactory cortices utilize molecular markers and developmental timing similar to the neocortex, but their projection neurons lack target specificity, indicating complex and varied neuronal organization within these brain regions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Olfactory System Research

Background:

  • Cerebral cortex neurons stratify based on developmental origin, axonal targets, and molecular identity.
  • Olfactory cortices share features with the neocortex, including lamination and cell types.
  • This study investigates molecular markers and developmental patterns in olfactory cortical neurons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if transcription factors found in deep or superficial neocortical neurons are present in olfactory cortical regions.
  • To examine the developmental timing of neuronal production in olfactory cortices.
  • To investigate the axonal projection targets of olfactory neurons expressing specific molecular markers.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of transcription factor expression (CTIP2, NOR1, DAARP-32, CUX1, CART) in olfactory cortical regions (AONpP, APC, PPC, olfactory tubercle).
  • Use of the mitotic marker EDU to assess neuronal production timing.
  • Retrograde tracing from the olfactory bulb to identify axonal projection targets of projection neurons.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory regions express neocortical deep and superficial neuron markers, with significant regional and intra-regional variations.
  • Neuronal production timing in olfactory cortices mirrors the neocortex, with deep-marker neurons produced earlier than superficial-marker neurons.
  • Unlike the cerebral cortex, olfactory neurons expressing deep or superficial markers showed no specificity in axonal targets.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory cortices are complex, heterogeneous structures with distinct neuronal compositions.
  • These regions are not simple remnants of the primordial forebrain but evolved as varied and independent entities.
  • The lack of target specificity in olfactory projection neurons distinguishes them from neocortical organization.