Driver decision-making in the dilemma zone - Examining the influences of clearance intervals, enforcement cameras and the provision of advance warning through a panel data random parameters probit model

In recent years, there have been a series of innovations in the field of vehicle detection at intersection approaches. Modern radar-based smart sensors make it possible to track individual vehicles in close proximity to an intersection. These advancements in technology potentially enable the provision of vehicle- and site-specific decision dilemma zone protection at the onset of the yellow indication at signalized intersections. To exploit this opportunity, it is critical to develop an in-depth understanding of those factors influencing a driver's decision to stop or go at the onset of yellow. This study investigates how signal timing strategies such as yellow interval durations, all-red clearance intervals, advance warning flashers, and automated camera enforcement affect driver decision-making. Data from 87 intersection approaches across five regions of the United States are used to develop a series of decision (i.e., probability of stopping) curves using vehicle trajectory and signal phasing data. A panel data random parameters probit model is used to account for heterogeneity across locations, as well as correlation in driver decision-making, due to unobserved factors that are unique to each signalized intersection. The results demonstrate drivers are more likely to stop at locations where enforcement cameras or flashers are present. Stopping was also more prevalent at intersections with lower speed limits, longer crossing distances, and where pedestrian crosswalks were present.