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Voltammetric Techniques: Linear-Scan (E vs Time)01:12

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Polarography is a classical voltammetric technique used to analyze electrochemical reactions. This method applies a linear potential sweep to a dropping mercury electrode (DME), and the resulting current is measured. A dropping mercury electrode is commonly used as the working electrode in polarography. It consists of a capillary tube filled with mercury, where the tiny droplet forms at the tip. This droplet continuously drops from the capillary, creating a new electrode surface for each...
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Potentiometry is an analytical technique that measures the potential difference between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell without drawing any significant current that could alter the solution's composition. This method employs an indicator electrode, which exchanges electrons with the analyte solution, and a reference electrode with a constant potential. Each electrode is immersed in a solution comprised of two half-cells. In a conventional setup, the reference electrode serves as...
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Voltammetric Techniques: Pulse Voltammetry01:17

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Differential-pulse voltammetry (DPV) is a type of voltammetry that involves applying a series of voltage pulses to an electrochemical cell while measuring the resulting current. In DPV, the differential pulse or small potential pulses are superimposed on a linear potential sweep. The magnitude of these pulses is typically small, often in the millivolt range. Each voltage pulse lasts a short duration, usually in the order of a few milliseconds, and is applied at regular intervals along the...
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Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

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Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
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Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
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Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

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The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
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Scanning nonlinear dielectric potentiometry.

Kohei Yamasue1, Yasuo Cho1

  • 1Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|October 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new method for measuring nanoscale surface polarization and dipoles. The technique effectively isolates polarization signals, overcoming challenges posed by other electrical phenomena.

Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Measuring nanoscale spontaneous polarization and permanent dipoles is challenging.
  • Existing methods are often confounded by fixed charges, screening effects, and contact potentials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel method for detecting polarization- and dipole-induced potentials.
  • To differentiate these signals from other electrostatic influences on surfaces and interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • A technique utilizing tip-sample capacitance detection and bias feedback was developed.
  • This method is designed to be selectively sensitive to polarization-induced potentials.

Main Results:

  • The method's feasibility was demonstrated on a reconstructed Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface.

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  • Simultaneous measurement of topography and polarization-induced potentials with atomic resolution was achieved.

    • Conclusions:

    • The proposed method offers a viable approach for nanoscale polarization and dipole measurements.
    • It provides a way to isolate and quantify these specific electrical properties on surfaces.