Surgical techniques for the implantation of heterotopic prosthetic ventricles

Mechanical support of the failing heart is becoming an increasingly useful tool for bridging to cardiac transplantation and for recovery of the natural heart. Several options exist for cannulation sites during the implantation of the heterotopic prosthetic ventricles. These options include the left atrial appendage, the left ventricular apex, the interatrial groove, and the left atrial roof. The indications, contraindications, advantages, disadvantages, and surgical technique for each option are described. Operation of the drive console and postoperative care are also discussed.