Soil Methane and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from Cropland and Riparian Buffers in Different Hydrogeomorphic Settings

Riparian buffers contribute to the mitigation of nutrient pollution in agricultural landscapes, but there is concern regarding their potential to be hot spots of greenhouse gas production. This study compared soil CO and CH fluxes in adjacent crop fields and riparian buffers (a flood-prone forest and a flood-protected grassland along an incised channel) and examined the impact of water table depth (WTD) and flood events on the variability of gas fluxes in riparian zones. Results showed significantly ( < 0.001) higher CO emission in riparian areas than in adjoining croplands (6.8 ± 0.6 vs. 3.6 ± 0.5 Mg CO-C ha yr; mean ± SE). Daily flux of CO and soil temperature were significantly related ( < 0.002), with Q values ranging between 1.75 and 2.53. Significant relationships ( < 0.05) were found between CH daily flux and WTD. Flood events resulted in enhanced CH emission (up to +44.5 mg CH-C m d in a swale) under warm soil conditions (>22°C), but the effect of flooding was less pronounced in early spring (emission <1.06 mg CH-C m d), probably due to low soil temperature. Although CH flux direction alternated at all sites, overall the croplands and the flood-affected riparian forest were CH sources, with annual emission averaging +0.04 ± 0.17 and +0.92 ± 1.6 kg CH-C ha, respectively. In the riparian forest, a topographic depression (<8% of the total area) accounted for 78% of the annual CH emission, underscoring the significance of landscape heterogeneity on CH dynamics in riparian buffers. The nonflooded riparian grassland, however, was a net CH sink (-1.08 ± 0.22 kg CH-C ha yr), probably due to the presence of subsurface tile drains and a dredged/incised channel at that study site. Although these hydrological alterations may have contributed to improvement in the CH sink strength of the riparian grassland, this must be weighed against the water quality maintenance functions and other ecological services provided by riparian buffers.