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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners

Published on: May 31, 2018

Referential processing in the human brain: An Event-Related Potential (ERP) study.

C Barkley¹, R Kluender², M Kutas³

¹University of Minnesota, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.

|October 13, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Left anterior negativity (LAN) brain responses are linked to processing long-distance dependencies. These effects specifically index the cognitive operations for associating pronouns with their antecedents, not all referential links.

Keywords:

ERPs LAN Long-distance dependencies P600 Referential negativity (Nref)Referential processing

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Psycholinguistics
Neuroscience

Background:

Event-related potential (ERP) research often observes left anterior negativity (LAN) when processing syntactic long-distance dependencies.
It remains debated whether LAN reflects syntactic processing specifically or a more general cognitive association mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if LAN effects are specific to syntactic dependencies or indicate a broader cognitive process of associating dependent linguistic elements.
To test this by examining referential dependencies involving pronouns and proper names.

Main Methods:

Compared ERP responses to pronouns with and without proper name antecedents.
Compared ERP responses to proper names with and without preceding co-referring pronouns.
Examined responses to verbs in object relative clauses versus coordinate clauses.

Main Results:

Phasic LAN effects were observed for pronouns with antecedents, but not for pronouns without antecedents.
No significant LAN differences were found between proper names with and without preceding co-referring pronouns.
Similar, though not identical, ERP responses were observed for verbs following gaps in relative clauses compared to controls.

Conclusions:

LAN effects at pronouns reflect the cognitive operations required to link them to their antecedents.
Long-distance syntactic and referential dependencies present comparable processing challenges, eliciting similar LAN effects.
These findings clarify the cognitive processes underlying anterior negative ERPs associated with dependent linguistic elements.