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Related Concept Videos

Hydraulic Jump01:29

Hydraulic Jump

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A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in fluid depth in open channels, occurring when high-velocity (supercritical) flow transitions to low-velocity (subcritical) flow. This phenomenon requires an upstream Froude number greater than 1, as flows with Fr1<1 remain subcritical, making a hydraulic jump impossible due to the need for negative head loss, which violates thermodynamic principles.The characteristics of a hydraulic jump depend on the upstream Froude number and are classified as...
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Weir01:24

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A weir is a hydraulic structure designed to partially obstruct an open channel, enabling precise control and measurement of water flow. By forcing water to flow over or through it, a weir allows for accurate determination of discharge rates, making it an essential tool in water resource management. These structures are extensively used in regulating river flows, irrigation systems, and flood control channels.Types of Weirs and Their FeaturesWeirs are categorized primarily into sharp-crested and...
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Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving01:16

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To analyze a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel with a flow speed of 6 meters per second, follow these steps:Calculate Effective Upstream Velocity:When the downstream gate closes, a hydraulic jump forms, traveling upstream at 2 meters per second. This wave speed combines with the initial channel flow velocity, creating an effective upstream velocity.Identify Flow Velocities Before and After the Hydraulic Jump:Upstream of the hydraulic jump, the effective flow velocity includes both the...
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Underflow Gates01:30

Underflow Gates

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Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
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The application of the energy equation to centrifugal pumps is a fundamental principle in fluid dynamics and engineering. In this scenario, the energy equation is used to calculate the flow rate of a centrifugal pump responsible for transferring water between two reservoirs at different elevations. The pump applies an energy input of 7500 joules per second, and the vertical difference between the lower and upper reservoirs is 10 meters. Additionally, the head loss due to friction and other...
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Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway01:21

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Scaled hydraulic models of dam spillways provide a practical way to replicate and study the intricate flow dynamics of these structures. Often built to a 1:15 ratio, these models allow for observing critical water behavior, such as velocity distribution, flow patterns, and energy dissipation.
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Where Does Water Go During Hydraulic Fracturing?

D O'Malley, S Karra1, R P Currier2

  • 1Computational Earth Science, Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545.

Ground Water
|October 16, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydraulic fracturing injects water into shale formations, raising environmental concerns. Most injected water is stored within the shale matrix, with less stored in fractures, according to a new framework for estimating storage volumes.

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Area of Science:

  • Geology
  • Environmental Science
  • Petroleum Engineering

Background:

  • Hydraulic fracturing involves injecting large volumes of water into deep shale formations.
  • Injected water can be stored in fractures and the shale matrix, with potential for migration.
  • Environmental concerns exist regarding water containment and migration during hydraulic fracturing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a framework for estimating water storage volumes in shale fractures and matrix.
  • To apply this framework to a representative shale site using field data.
  • To determine the primary storage locations for injected water in shale formations.

Main Methods:

  • Estimating fracture volume using discrete fracture network (DFN) data and probability theory.
  • Estimating matrix storage using pore-scale two-phase and continuum-scale single-phase models.
  • Integrating field data for a representative shale site analysis.

Main Results:

  • The study provides a framework for quantifying water storage in shale during hydraulic fracturing.
  • Calculations indicate that the majority of injected water is stored within the shale matrix.
  • A smaller proportion of the injected water is found to reside within the fractures.

Conclusions:

  • The shale matrix is the predominant reservoir for injected water in hydraulic fracturing.
  • Understanding water storage distribution is crucial for assessing environmental risks.
  • The developed framework aids in predicting water behavior and containment in shale formations.