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Related Concept Videos

Hydraulic Jump01:29

Hydraulic Jump

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A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in fluid depth in open channels, occurring when high-velocity (supercritical) flow transitions to low-velocity (subcritical) flow. This phenomenon requires an upstream Froude number greater than 1, as flows with Fr1<1 remain subcritical, making a hydraulic jump impossible due to the need for negative head loss, which violates thermodynamic principles.The characteristics of a hydraulic jump depend on the upstream Froude number and are classified as...
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Application of Pascal's Law01:03

Application of Pascal's Law

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Pascal's experimentally proven observations—that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid and to the walls of its container—provide the foundations for hydraulics, one of the most important developments in modern mechanical technology.
Hydraulic systems are used to operate automotive brakes, hydraulic jacks, and numerous other mechanical systems. We can derive a relationship between the forces in a simple hydraulic system...
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Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving01:16

Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving

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To analyze a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel with a flow speed of 6 meters per second, follow these steps:Calculate Effective Upstream Velocity:When the downstream gate closes, a hydraulic jump forms, traveling upstream at 2 meters per second. This wave speed combines with the initial channel flow velocity, creating an effective upstream velocity.Identify Flow Velocities Before and After the Hydraulic Jump:Upstream of the hydraulic jump, the effective flow velocity includes both the...
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Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway01:21

Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

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Scaled hydraulic models of dam spillways provide a practical way to replicate and study the intricate flow dynamics of these structures. Often built to a 1:15 ratio, these models allow for observing critical water behavior, such as velocity distribution, flow patterns, and energy dissipation.
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Microcracking in Concrete01:20

Microcracking in Concrete

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Microcracking in concrete refers to the tiny cracks that can form within the material even before any external load is applied. These microcracks typically occur at the interface between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement paste, often as a result of differential volume changes prompted by variations in stress-strain behavior, as well as thermal and moisture movement. Initially, these microcracks remain stable and do not grow substantially until the concrete is stressed to about 30...
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Fluid Pressure01:14

Fluid Pressure

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In mechanical engineering, fluid pressure plays a critical role in designing systems that utilize liquid flow, such as hydraulic systems, pumps, and valves. When designing these systems, engineers must ensure they can withstand the forces created by fluid pressure to avoid damage or failure.
According to Pascal's law, a fluid at rest will generate equal pressure in all directions. This pressure is measured as a force per unit area, and its magnitude depends on the fluid's specific...
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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs
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Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs

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Understanding hydraulic fracturing: a multi-scale problem.

J D Hyman1, J Jiménez-Martínez1, H S Viswanathan2

  • 1Earth and Environmental Sciences, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|September 7, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding hydraulic fracturing requires integrating multiple scales. This study models field, core, and pore scales to improve efficiency and environmental impact predictions for shale gas extraction.

Keywords:
discrete fracture networkhydraulic fracturinglattice Boltzmannmicrofluidicsshale gassubsurface flow and transport

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Area of Science:

  • Geosciences
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Energy Science

Background:

  • Hydraulic fracturing is crucial for energy production but its underlying physical mechanisms across scales are poorly understood.
  • The efficiency and environmental impacts are difficult to predict due to the vast range of length scales involved, from nanometers to kilometers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize flow and transport in shale formations across multiple scales.
  • To develop a mechanistic understanding for optimizing hydrocarbon extraction from unconventional reservoirs.
  • To explore the potential of CO2 as an alternative working fluid for fracturing.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated computational, theoretical, and experimental methods were employed.
  • Field scale: Discrete fracture network modeling.
  • Core scale: Triaxial fracture experiments and finite-discrete element modeling.
  • Pore scale: Lattice Boltzmann simulations and microfluidic experiments.

Main Results:

  • Simulations of hydraulically fractured well production were performed using site-specific data.
  • Dynamic fracture propagation in low-permeability shale was studied.
  • Pore-scale phenomena, including multi-phase flow and fluid mixing, were investigated.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating multi-scale characterization is essential for accurate production predictions and optimization of hydrocarbon recovery.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can lead to more efficient and environmentally conscious energy extraction.
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) shows potential as a working fluid for fracturing and re-stimulation activities.