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Related Concept Videos

Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

7.0K
The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Massive Pontine Hemorrhage by Dual Injection of Autologous Blood
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Benign brainstem hemorrhage: A brief review.

A Shuaib

    Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases : the Official Journal of National Stroke Association
    |October 22, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Brainstem hemorrhages can have a better prognosis than previously thought, especially when diagnosed with computed tomography (CT). Many benign cases show rapid, complete recovery with no recurrence.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Radiology
    • Neurosurgery

    Background:

    • Brainstem hemorrhage traditionally carries a poor prognosis.
    • Advances in cranial computed tomography (CT) have identified milder cases with better outcomes.
    • Benign hemorrhages occur in the midbrain, pons, and medulla.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review clinical features, diagnosis, and prognosis of brainstem hemorrhage with a benign prognosis.
    • To highlight the diagnostic role of CT in identifying these milder hemorrhages.
    • To discuss the etiology and recurrence patterns of benign brainstem hemorrhages.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of clinical reports on brainstem hemorrhage.
    • Analysis of diagnostic findings, particularly from cranial CT.

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  • Evaluation of patient outcomes, including recovery and recurrence rates.

    • Main Results:

    • Benign brainstem hemorrhages are often initially missed, with diagnosis frequently made post-CT.
    • Etiology remains unknown in the majority of benign cases.
    • Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are associated with frequent recurrences.
    • When etiology is not identified, recovery is typically rapid and complete, with rare recurrences.

    Conclusions:

    • Cranial CT is crucial for identifying brainstem hemorrhages with a benign prognosis.
    • Idiopathic benign brainstem hemorrhages have an excellent prognosis with minimal recurrence risk.
    • Identifying AVMs is critical due to their higher recurrence potential.