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Determining the Time Window for Dynamic Nanowire Cell Penetration Processes.

Xi Xie, Amin Aalipour, Sneha V Gupta1

  • 1UCSF School of Pharmacy, Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94143, United States.

ACS Nano
|November 12, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Understanding how nanowires (NWs) penetrate cell membranes is crucial for intracellular applications. This study reveals penetration dynamics by comparing experimental data with mechanical models, identifying key factors for successful cell membrane interaction.

Keywords:
cell adhesioncell membrane penetrationnanowire arraynanowire deliverytraction force

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Nanomedicine
  • Cellular Mechanics and Biophysics

Background:

  • Nanowire (NW) arrays enable parallel, non-destructive intracellular access for biomolecule delivery, recording, and sensing.
  • The spontaneous cell membrane penetration mechanism by vertical NWs remains poorly understood, hindering application development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamic interface between NWs and cell membranes during cell spreading.
  • To elucidate the time- and geometry-dependent factors governing NW cell membrane penetration.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental cell penetration measurements were conducted.
  • Two mechanical models (substrate adhesion force and cell traction forces) were employed to analyze penetration dynamics.
  • Cobalt ion delivery assays were used to determine NW penetration rates.

Main Results:

  • The adhesion model predicts a finite window for penetration post-adhesion, while the traction model suggests prolonged penetration.
  • Experimental NW penetration rates were compared against predictions from both mechanical models.
  • Key factors influencing penetration, including NW geometry and cell properties, were systematically evaluated.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides critical insights into the mechanical processes governing NW-cell membrane penetration.
  • Understanding these dynamics is essential for optimizing NW-based intracellular technologies for diverse biomedical applications.