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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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Cancer02:18

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Thyroid Growth and Cancer.

Dillwyn Williams1

  • 1Department of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

European Thyroid Journal
|November 12, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Most papillary thyroid cancers begin in infancy or childhood, driven by early cell growth and radiation exposure. This suggests reconsidering the diagnosis and treatment of small papillary thyroid carcinomas.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs) show an early incidence rise, particularly after radiation exposure in infancy.
  • Follicular cells, the origin of PTCs, have high mitotic rates in infancy that decline significantly in adulthood.
  • The development of PTCs requires loss of the link between differentiation and replicative senescence for immortalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose that most papillary thyroid cancers originate in infancy and childhood.
  • To link early origin to follicular cell growth patterns and immortalization mechanisms.
  • To suggest a three-stage model of papillary carcinogenesis: initiation, progression, and escape.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of incidence patterns of sporadic and radiation-induced thyroid carcinoma.
Keywords:
ChernobylFukushimaPapillary microcarcinomaThyroid cancer pathogenesisThyroid growth

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Related Experiment Videos

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  • Review of follicular cell growth dynamics and replicative senescence.
  • Evaluation of molecular events in papillary thyroid carcinogenesis, including RET rearrangements.

    • Main Results:

    • Papillary thyroid cancers likely originate in early life due to high infant mitotic rates.
    • Loss of differentiation-replicative senescence linkage is crucial for immortalization and clinical significance.
    • A three-stage model (initiation, progression, escape) describes papillary carcinogenesis, with many tumors remaining indolent.

    Conclusions:

    • Most papillary thyroid cancers originate in infancy and childhood.
    • The term 'cancer' for micro-papillary thyroid cancers may lead to overtreatment and patient anxiety.
    • Treatment protocols and nomenclature for small papillary thyroid carcinomas require revision based on new evidence.