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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Genome-wide Analysis of Histone Modifications Distribution using the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Method in Magnaporthe oryzae
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Gene Expression and Chromatin Modifications Associated with Maize Centromeres.

Hainan Zhao1, Xiaobiao Zhu1, Kai Wang1

  • 1Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

G3 (Bethesda, Md.)
|November 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Researchers mapped centromeric histone variant CENH3 nucleosomes in maize. Active genes were found in depleted subdomains, with histone marks associated with genes, not centromere identity.

Keywords:
CENH3centromeregene expressionhistone modificationnucleosome

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Chromatin biology

Background:

  • Centromeres are crucial for chromosome segregation but are poorly understood due to repetitive DNA.
  • Maize centromeres offer a sequenced platform for studying plant centromeric chromatin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a high-resolution map of CENH3 nucleosomes in the maize genome.
  • To investigate the distribution of CENH3 nucleosomes and associated epigenetic marks within maize centromeres.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution nucleosome mapping of CENH3 in the maize genome.
  • Analysis of DNA sequence composition and histone modification patterns within centromeres.

Main Results:

  • CENH3 nucleosomes exhibit positioning on specific satellite repeats (CentC).
  • Maize centromeres comprise alternating CENH3-enriched (87%) and depleted (13%) subdomains.
  • Active genes are located in CENH3-depleted subdomains and associated with euchromatic histone marks.
  • Maize centromeres show lower H3K27me2 levels compared to pericentromeric regions.

Conclusions:

  • Neither H3K27me2 nor tested euchromatic histone modifications appear to define maize centromere identity.
  • Epigenetic marks are primarily associated with active genes within centromeric regions.