Temperature Compensation of Oxygen Sensing Films Utilizing a Dynamic Dual Lifetime Calculation Technique

With advances to chemical sensing, methods for compensation of errors introduced by interfering analytes are needed. In this work, a dual lifetime calculation technique was developed to enable simultaneous monitoring of two luminescence decays. Utilizing a windowed time-domain luminescence approach, the response of two luminophores is separated temporally. The ability of the dual dynamic rapid lifetime determination (DDRLD) approach to determine the response of two luminophores simultaneously was investigated through mathematical modeling and experimental testing. Modeling results indicated that lifetime predictions will be most accurate when the ratio of the lifetimes from each luminophore is at least three and the ratio of intensities is near unity. In vitro experiments were performed using a porphyrin that is sensitive to both oxygen and temperature, combined with a temperature-sensitive inorganic phosphor used for compensation of the porphyrin response. In static experiments, the dual measurements were found to be highly accurate when compared to single-luminophore measurements-statistically equivalent for the long lifetime emission and an average difference of 2% for the short lifetimes. Real-time testing with dynamic windowing was successful in demonstrating dual lifetime measurements and temperature compensation of the oxygen sensitive dye. When comparing the actual oxygen and temperature values with predictions made using a dual calibration approach, an overall difference of less than 1% was obtained. Thus, this method enables rapid, accurate extraction of multiple lifetimes without requiring computationally intense curve fitting, providing a significant advancement toward multi-analyte sensing and imaging techniques.