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Related Concept Videos

What is Homeostasis?01:16

What is Homeostasis?

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Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, from body temperature to blood pressure to levels of certain nutrients. A set point is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. A normal range is a restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable. For example, the set point for normal human body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F).
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Homeostatic Imbalance01:10

Homeostatic Imbalance

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Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body, which is crucial for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. The body has various control mechanisms that work together to regulate various physiological parameters such as temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance, to name a few. These control mechanisms are based on feedback loops that can be either positive or negative.
However, sometimes these feedback loops fail,...
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pH Homeostasis01:31

pH Homeostasis

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Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
Respiratory...
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Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

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The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
3.0K
Positive and Negative Feedback Loops01:18

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

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Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
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Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature01:19

Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature

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Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...
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Mechanism of Regulation of Adipocyte Numbers in Adult Organisms Through Differentiation and Apoptosis Homeostasis
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Acid-Base Homeostasis.

L Lee Hamm1, Nazih Nakhoul2, Kathleen S Hering-Smith2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana; and Medicine Service, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, Louisiana Lhamm@tulane.edu.

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN
|November 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maintaining acid-base homeostasis is vital for health. Kidneys regulate plasma pH by reabsorbing bicarbonate and excreting acid, primarily through ammonium, crucial for metabolic balance.

Keywords:
acid-base equilibriumacid-base homeostasisacidosisbone densitychronichomeostasiskidneynephrolithiasispH regulationrenal insufficiencyrenal physiology

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Physiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Acid-base homeostasis and pH regulation are essential for physiological function and cellular metabolism.
  • Imbalances in plasma pH lead to significant physiological derangements.
  • The kidneys play a primary role in maintaining systemic bicarbonate concentration and acid-base balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the critical role of the kidneys in acid-base homeostasis.
  • To detail the mechanisms of renal bicarbonate reabsorption and new bicarbonate production.
  • To understand the renal regulation of net acid excretion, including titratable acid and ammonium excretion.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physiological mechanisms governing renal acid-base transport.
  • Analysis of the two primary renal functions: bicarbonate reabsorption and new bicarbonate generation.
  • Examination of net acid excretion pathways, focusing on titratable acid and ammonium.

Main Results:

  • The kidneys are predominant in regulating systemic bicarbonate concentration.
  • Renal bicarbonate regulation involves reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate and generation of new bicarbonate via net acid excretion.
  • Net acid excretion comprises titratable acid (one-third to one-half) and ammonium (one-half to two-thirds), with ammonium excretion capacity being significantly greater.

Conclusions:

  • Renal regulation of acid-base balance is multifaceted, involving bicarbonate reabsorption and net acid excretion.
  • Ammonium excretion is the quantitatively more significant pathway for handling acid loads.
  • Dysregulation of renal acid-base transport systems is common in clinical settings.