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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

995
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
995
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

981
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
981
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

2.3K
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
2.3K
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

917
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
917
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

1.5K
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
1.5K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

1.9K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
1.9K

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Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

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Anesthesia Issues in Central Nervous System Disorders.

Pravat K Mandal, Sumiti Saharan, Olivia Penna

  • 1Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. vfodale@unime.it.

Current Aging Science
|November 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anesthetics affect the central nervous system (CNS), with potential long-lasting effects on brain protein expression. Careful drug selection is crucial for patients with CNS disorders to ensure safety and efficacy.

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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Millions undergo procedures requiring anesthesia annually, impacting the central nervous system (CNS).
  • Anesthetics act on CNS neuronal proteins, but many targets remain unidentified.
  • Anesthetic effects may not be fully reversible, with potential long-term changes in CNS protein expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects and risks of anesthetic agents in patients with compromised CNS function.
  • To examine anesthetic impacts on the elderly and neurological conditions.
  • To guide selection of anesthesia drugs and protocols for patient safety.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of established and implicated effects of anesthetic agents.
  • Analysis of anesthetic impacts on elderly patients.
  • Examination of anesthetic effects on neurological conditions and CNS protein expression.

Main Results:

  • Anesthetics interact with multiple CNS targets, some with unknown functions.
  • Persistent changes in CNS protein expression post-anesthesia are observed in animal studies.
  • Altered CNS in elderly or diseased individuals increases vulnerability to anesthetics.

Conclusions:

  • Anesthesia in patients with CNS disorders requires careful drug and protocol selection.
  • Understanding anesthetic effects is vital for managing elderly patients and those with neurological conditions.
  • Minimizing adverse events and ensuring patient safety are paramount in CNS anesthesia.