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Adsorption of Gases on Solids01:28

Adsorption of Gases on Solids

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Adsorption is a process where molecules, known as the adsorbates, accumulate on a surface, which is referred to as the adsorbent or substrate. Occurring at the solid-gas interface, this phenomenon is crucial in various scientific and industrial contexts. The reverse of adsorption is desorption.Two types of adsorptions exist: physical (physisorption) and chemical (chemisorption). Physisorption involves gas molecules held to the solid's surface by relatively weak intermolecular van der Waals...
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Adsorption Isotherms II01:25

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Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) introduced a theory in 1938 that modified Langmuir's assumptions to explain multilayer physical adsorption. This theory is applicable to Type II isotherms and provides a more realistic picture of adsorption processes. The BET theory assumes a uniform solid surface with localized adsorption sites, where adsorption at one site doesn't affect adsorption at neighboring sites. This theory also allows for the possibility of additional molecules being adsorbed on top...
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Adsorption Isotherms I01:29

Adsorption Isotherms I

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Adsorption isotherms are mathematical models that describe how molecules in a gas or liquid phase interact with surfaces. Two of the most common isotherm models are the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, which relate to Type I monolayer chemisorption. The Langmuir model is based on four key assumptions:• Adsorption cannot exceed monolayer coverage.• All surface sites are equivalent.• Molecules adsorb only at vacant sites.• There are no interactions between adsorbed...
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Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism01:26

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The Hofmann and Curtius rearrangement reactions can be applied to synthesize primary amines from carboxylic acid derivatives such as amides and acyl azides. In the Hofmann rearrangement, a primary amide undergoes deprotonation in the presence of a base, followed by halogenation to generate an N-haloamide. A second proton abstraction produces a stabilized anionic species, which rearranges to an isocyanate intermediate via an alkyl group migration from the carbonyl carbon to the neighboring...
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Basicity of Aliphatic Amines01:21

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Amines can behave as Brønsted–Lowry bases by accepting a proton from the acid to form corresponding conjugate acids. Due to a lone pair of nonbonding electrons, aliphatic amines can also act as Lewis bases by forming a covalent bond with an electrophile.
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Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

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The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Author Spotlight: Standardizing the Development of Amine-Based Silica Composites as CO2 Adsorbents for Direct Air Capture
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Probing Intramolecular versus Intermolecular CO2 Adsorption on Amine-Grafted SBA-15.

Chun-Jae Yoo1, Li-Chen Lee1, Christopher W Jones1

  • 1School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive, NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|November 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study shows that amine-functionalized silica adsorbents can capture CO2 intramolecularly within a single molecule. Increasing amine groups enhances CO2 uptake efficiency, demonstrating a novel pathway for carbon capture.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Mesoporous silica SBA-15 is a promising material for CO2 adsorption.
  • Amine-functionalization enhances CO2 capture capabilities of adsorbents.
  • Understanding adsorption mechanisms at low coverages is crucial for efficient CO2 capture.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the CO2 adsorption properties of SBA-15 modified with various amine-containing organosilanes.
  • To elucidate the intramolecular versus intermolecular CO2 adsorption mechanisms.
  • To assess the impact of amine group density on CO2 capture efficiency and adsorption enthalpy.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of SBA-15 modified with propylamine (MONO), propylethylenediamine (DI), propyldiethylenetriamine (TRI), and propyltriethylenetetramine (TREN).
  • Measurement of CO2 adsorption isotherms at low coverages using a Tian-Calvet calorimeter.
  • Analysis of silane molecule efficiency and heat of adsorption to determine adsorption mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Silane molecule efficiency for CO2 capture increases with the number of amine groups per molecule (MONO < DI < TREN ≈ TRI).
  • Direct evidence for intramolecular CO2 capture within a single silane molecule was observed.
  • Cooperative uptake via amine-CO2-silanol interactions contributes to CO2 sorption, particularly for MONO.
  • Heat of adsorption increases with the propensity for intramolecular CO2 capture, indicating stronger interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Amine-functionalized SBA-15 exhibits efficient CO2 capture through intramolecular interactions.
  • The number of amine groups in organosilanes significantly enhances CO2 adsorption capacity and efficiency.
  • This study provides critical insights into CO2 adsorption mechanisms, aiding in the design of advanced carbon capture materials.