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Quantification and characterization of greywater from schools
Abdalrahman D Alsulaili1, Mohamed F Hamoda1
1Department of Civil Engineering, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat, 13060 Kuwait
Summary
School greywater in Kuwait presents a viable resource for non-potable reuse, particularly for toilet flushing. Generation rates vary by school level, with primary schools producing the most greywater.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Science
- Water Resource Management
- Public Health
Background:
- Greywater represents a significant wastewater stream with potential for reuse.
- Understanding greywater characteristics and generation rates is crucial for effective management and recycling strategies.
- School environments generate unique greywater profiles that differ from residential sources.
Purpose of the Study:
- To quantify greywater generation rates across different school education levels in Kuwait.
- To analyze the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of school greywater.
- To assess the suitability of school greywater for non-potable reuse applications.
Main Methods:
- Conducted a survey across primary, intermediate, and secondary schools in Kuwait.
- Measured greywater generation rates (L/person/day).
- Analyzed key greywater parameters including chemical oxygen demand (COD), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), solids, conductivity, sodium, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms.
Main Results:
- Average greywater generation rate was 7.3 L/person/day, ranging from 2.9-16 L/person/day.
- Primary schools exhibited the highest generation rates, while secondary schools had the lowest.
- Greywater showed low COD and BOD5 but high solids, conductivity, and sodium; total coliforms averaged 196 MPN/mL, with no fecal coliforms detected.
Conclusions:
- School greywater is classified as 'light greywater,' with lower organic load than residential sources.
- Minimal treatment can render school greywater suitable for non-potable reuse, primarily toilet flushing.
- Careful management is necessary due to microbial content to mitigate health risks associated with direct human contact.
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