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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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DNA Microarrays

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Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Technical Demonstration of Whole Genome Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Technical Demonstration of Whole Genome Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization

Published on: August 5, 2008

The Interleaved Genome.

Jane Mellor¹, Ronja Woloszczuk¹, Françoise S Howe¹

¹Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.

Trends in Genetics : TIG

|November 29, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Genome transcription is not just noise; overlapping noncoding transcription units regulate gene activity. These complex interactions, influenced by orientation and timing, involve chromatin changes to control gene expression.

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Area of Science:

Genomics
Molecular Biology
Epigenetics

Background:

Eukaryotic genomes exhibit pervasive transcription, with noncoding transcription previously dismissed as mere noise.
Genes and noncoding transcription units extensively overlap, creating an interleaved genomic architecture.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the functional role of noncoding transcription in eukaryotic genomes.
To understand how overlapping transcription units regulate gene expression.

Main Methods:

Experimental interventions to perturb transcription units.
Analysis of chromatin-based changes.
Assessment of gene regulation outcomes based on transcription unit orientation and timing.

Main Results:

Noncoding transcription units are interdependent and function as gene regulatory mechanisms.
The outcome of transcriptional regulation depends on the relative orientation and synchronicity of overlapping transcription events.
Transcription directly influences chromatin structure, leading to transcriptional initiation or repression.

Conclusions:

Noncoding transcription is a critical regulatory layer in eukaryotic genomes, not simply transcriptional noise.
The spatial and temporal arrangement of transcription units dictates gene regulatory outcomes.
Transcription itself is a key regulator of genome-wide transcription initiation and repression.