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Twelve Principles for Green Energy Storage in Grid Applications
Maryam Arbabzadeh1, Jeremiah X Johnson1, Gregory A Keoleian1
1Center for Sustainable Systems, School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
Environmental Science & Technology
|December 3, 2015
Summary
Integrating energy storage systems into the grid offers renewable energy benefits but has varied environmental impacts. A new framework with 12 principles guides sustainable design and selection for grid applications.
Area of Science:
- Environmental science
- Electrical engineering
- Sustainable energy systems
Background:
- Energy storage technologies are crucial for grid modernization, enabling renewable integration and enhancing reliability.
- The environmental impact of energy storage varies significantly with application, generation mix, and demand patterns.
- A systematic approach is needed to evaluate and manage these environmental impacts for improved grid sustainability.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a comprehensive framework for assessing the environmental impacts of grid-scale energy storage systems.
- To provide 12 fundamental principles to guide policymakers, designers, and operators in selecting and implementing sustainable energy storage solutions.
- To inform decision-making for optimizing the environmental performance of energy storage integration into electrical grids.
Main Methods:
- Development of 12 fundamental principles for energy storage design and grid application, categorized into system integration, maintenance/operation, and system design.
- Illustration of principles using academic literature examples and calculations.
- Application of principles through a case study involving vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) in an off-grid setting.
Main Results:
- The study presents a structured set of 12 principles to systematically evaluate environmental impacts of energy storage.
- Examples and a case study demonstrate the practical application of these principles in real-world scenarios.
- Identified potential trade-offs between different principles, highlighting the complexity of optimizing sustainability.
Conclusions:
- The developed framework and principles offer a systematic method for informing the design and selection of energy storage systems to enhance grid sustainability.
- Effective implementation requires careful consideration of system integration, operation, and design to mitigate environmental consequences.
- The research provides essential guidance for advancing environmentally responsible energy storage deployment in electrical grids.
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