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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more...
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Chronic rhinosinusitis pathogenesis.

Whitney W Stevens1, Robert J Lee2, Robert P Schleimer3

  • 1Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|December 15, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic sinonasal inflammation, including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), has limited treatments due to unknown mechanisms. This review highlights epithelial cells and immune responses in CRS pathogenesis.

Keywords:
Chronic rhinosinusitisepithelial cellsinflammationmicrobiomemucociliary clearancenasal polyps

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Otorhinolaryngology

Background:

  • Chronic sinonasal inflammation encompasses conditions like chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and cystic fibrosis.
  • CRS is subcategorized into CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and CRS without nasal polyps (C রোগীরSwoNP).
  • Current therapeutic strategies for sinonasal inflammation are constrained by poorly understood, heterogeneous disease mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the pathogenesis of CRS.
  • To emphasize the roles of sinonasal epithelial cells and host immune responses in CRS.
  • To explore these mechanisms in the context of cystic fibrosis, CRSwNP, and CRSwoNP.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on CRS pathogenesis.
  • Focus on studies investigating epithelial cell function and immune system involvement.
  • Comparative analysis across different CRS phenotypes and cystic fibrosis.

Main Results:

  • Alterations in mucociliary clearance, epithelial barrier function, and tissue remodeling are implicated in CRS.
  • Both innate and adaptive immune responses are significantly activated and contribute to disease.
  • Epithelial cells and immune responses play critical roles in the distinct pathologies of cystic fibrosis, CRSwNP, and CRSwoNP.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the complex interplay between epithelial cells and immune responses is crucial for advancing CRS treatment.
  • Heterogeneity in CRS pathogenesis necessitates targeted therapeutic approaches.
  • Further research into these mechanisms may reveal novel treatment strategies for chronic sinonasal inflammation.