The Colloidal State
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Colloidal precipitates
Colloids and Suspensions
Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular Forces
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Updated: Mar 28, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids
Published on: April 22, 2016
Jörg Bartnick1, Marco Heinen, Alexei V Ivlev
1Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
Mesoscopic particles in non-equilibrium colloidal suspensions can exhibit nonreciprocal forces, violating Newton's third law. This study reveals how these unique interactions create distinct particle correlations in statistical mechanics models.
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