Can Exercise Positively Influence the Intervertebral Disc?

Area of Science:

• Biomechanics
• Exercise Physiology
• Spinal Health

Background:

• The intervertebral disc (IVD) is susceptible to degeneration from various loading conditions.
• Understanding exercise's impact on IVD health is crucial for preventing back pain and injury.
• Current literature synthesis is needed to guide exercise recommendations for IVD health.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and synthesize existing literature on how different types of physical activity and loading affect the intervertebral disc.
• To identify beneficial and detrimental exercise and loading patterns for IVD adaptation and health.
• To raise awareness among professionals about IVD health and inform future research directions.

Main Methods:

• A narrative review of available literature was conducted due to the heterogeneity of studies.
• Data were synthesized from cell, whole-disc loading, and animal exercise models.
• Human studies examining specific sports and acute exercise effects on IVD were also included.

Main Results:

• Dynamic, axial loading at slow to moderate speeds (e.g., walking, jogging) appears beneficial for the IVD.
• Static, torsional, flexion-compression, rapid, high-impact, and explosive loading are likely detrimental.
• Reduced physical activity and disuse negatively impact IVD health.

Conclusions:

• Specific types of exercise and loading can promote or harm intervertebral disc health.
• Dynamic, moderate-intensity activities are recommended, while high-impact and static loads should be avoided.
• Further research is needed, considering genetics and critical developmental periods, to optimize exercise strategies for IVD health.