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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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Histone Modification02:32

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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Lateral Thinking: How Histone Modifications Regulate Gene Expression.

Moyra Lawrence1, Sylvain Daujat1, Robert Schneider1

  • 1IGBMC, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch 67400, France.

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|December 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Histone core modifications, especially on the nucleosome's lateral surface, are crucial for regulating DNA-based processes like transcription and DNA repair. These modifications offer key insights into chromatin regulation and epigenetics.

Keywords:
histonelateral surfacemodificationnucleosomeremodellingtranscriptional regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • DNA is wrapped around histone octamers, forming nucleosomal core particles.
  • Histone tails are extensively modified, influencing DNA processes.
  • Histone core modifications were previously uncharacterised but are now gaining attention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in understanding histone modifications.
  • To focus on modifications on the lateral surface of the nucleosome.
  • To highlight the significance of lateral surface modifications in chromatin regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on histone modifications.
  • Analysis of modifications on the histone core, specifically the lateral surface.
  • Synthesis of findings regarding the functional impact of these modifications.

Main Results:

  • Histone core modifications directly regulate transcription.
  • These modifications influence DNA repair, replication, stemness, and cell state changes.
  • Lateral surface modifications, in direct contact with DNA, are key regulatory sites.

Conclusions:

  • Histone core modifications, particularly on the lateral surface, are critical for cellular processes.
  • Lateral surface modifications provide key insights into chromatin regulation.
  • This area is a focal point for ongoing epigenetic research.